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MAGNETIC COMPONENTS GLOSSARY OF TERMS
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Custom and Specialty Magnetic Component Design and Manufacturing
AIR COIL: A coil formed by winding wire around a form and then removing the form so that the coil is formed around air.
ALTERNATING CURRENT: An electrical current that changes in both direction and magnitude.
ALTERNATING CURRENT GENERATOR: A device that produces voltage by rotating a loop of conductor material through a magnetic field.
AMMETER: A meter connected in series with a circuit, branch, or component so as to measure the current flowing it.
AMPERE: The unit of measure for current flow that equals I coulomb of electrons passing one point in a circuit in one second.
AMPLITUDE PERMEABILITY ua: The quotient of the peak value of flux density and peak value of applied field strength at a stated amplitude of either, and with no static field present.
AUTOTRANSFORMER: A special type of power transformer, consisting of a single, continuous winding that is tapped on one side to provide either a step-up or step-down function. Also called a bulk-boost transformer.
BANDWIDTH: The band of frequencies over which ac quantities remain within specified limits. In the case of resonant circuits, it is the band of frequencies over which the resonance exists.
BASIC IMPULSE LEVEL: A measure of the ability of a transformer's insulation system to withstand very high-voltage, short-time surges Burden Term applied to the tiny load that an instrument's delicate moving elements places on an accurate-ratio transformer.
BRIDGE CIRCUIT: A special type of parallel-series circuit in which the voltages in each branch may be balanced by adjustment of one component. A Wheatstone Bridge, for example, is used to measure resistance accurately.
CAPACITANCE: The ability of a non-conductor to store an electrical charge. Capacitance is equal to the stored charge (Q) divided by the voltage (E) across the device when that charge was stored. The unit of measure is the farad. One coulomb of charge stored at a potential of one volt is one farad.
CAPACITIVE REACTANCE: The charging opposition of a capacitor to the flow of alternating electrical current at a specific frequency. It is inversely related to the source frequency. It is measured in ohms and has the symbol 
CAPACITOR: A device that can store a charge on conducting plates through the action of an electrostatic field between the plates.
CELL: A single unit device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy.
CHASSIS: A metal frame used to secure and house electrical components and associated circuitry.
CIRCUIT: A complete path for current flow from one terminal to the other of a source of electrical energy such as a battery or a power supply or an alternating current generator.
CIRCUIT ANALYSIS: a technique of examining components in a circuit to determine various values of voltage, current, resistance, power, etc.
CIRCUIT REDUCTION: A technique of analysis whereby a complex combination of circuit components is replaced by a single equivalent component or group of components.
CIRCULATING CURRENT: A characteristic of resonance, it is the larger current in the inductive-capactive branches of a resonant circuit, the result of the continual charging and discharging of the capacitor and the continual expansion and collapse of the magnetic field of an inductor at the resonant frequency.
COEFFICIENT OF COUPLING: The amount of coupling that takes place between the two windings in a transformer. This amount should ideally be 100%, but this is not achievable in the real world.
COERCIVE FORCEc: He The magnetizing field strength required to bring the magnetic flux density of a magnetized material to zero. The unit of measure is the oersted. COIL A number of turns of wire wrapped around a core used to oppose changes in current flow. (Also called an inductor.)
COILS : See "Winding."
COMMON POINT: A voltage reference point in a circuit. A point that is "common" to many components in a circuit.
CONDUCTANCE: The ability to conduct or carry current. Conductance is equal to the reciprocal of the resistance.
CONDUCTOR: A material with many free electrons that will carry current.
COPPER LOSS: The energy wasted as heat in the copper (or aluminum) windings, as copper/aluminum is not a perfect conductor of electricity.
CORE: A component of a transformer. The iron, steel or ferrite provides a controlled path for the magnetic flux generated in the transermer by the current flowing through the windings.
CORE AND COILS: A non-enclosed, dry type transformer, mounted on a base as one unit.
CORE CONSTANT C1: The summation of the magnetic path lengths of each section of the magnetic circuit divided by the corresponding magnetic area of the same section. The unit of measure is cm -1.
CORE CONSTANT C2: The summation of the magnetic path lengths of each section of the magnetic circuit divided by the square of the corresponding magnetic area of the same section. The unit of measure IS cm -3.
CORE TYPE: A type of core where the windings surround the laminated iron core.
COULOMB: A quantity of electrons that equals 6.25 billion, billion electrons. (or 6.25 x lO18
electrons.)
COUNTER ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE CEMF: The voltage that appears across an inductor with a charging current flowing through it due to a property called self-inductance.
CURIE TEMPERATURE TC: The transition temperature above which a ferrite loses its ferromagnetic properties. The unit of measure is °C.
CURRENT: "Electron current" is the flow of electrons (negative charges) through a material from a negative potential to a positive potential. "Conventional current" is the flow of positive charges from a positive potential to negative potential. Current flow is a general term often used to mean either of the above. The unit of measure in the ampere and its symbol is I.
CURRENT MAGNIFICATION: The increase in total circuit current caused by the Quality Factor (Q) of the circuit.
CURRENT TRANSFORMER: A type of instrument transformer used to measure current.
CUTOFF FREQUENCY: The specified end frequency points that define bandwidth. In the case of . resonance, the frequency at which the effects of resonance falls outside the specified limits.
DEFLECTION: Literally, the amount of movement the indicator of an instrument makes when sensing. Also called the reading of the instrument.
DELTA: A three-phase transformer connection where the phases are connected in a manner which resembles the Greek letter Delta.
DIELECTRIC: An insulating material with properties that enable its use as a insulator between two plates of a capacitor~ .rd _ \,J\r'\) \0,. ,RArJSfbe.Me·-
DIELECTRIC BREAKDOWN (IN A TRANSFORMER): Failure of an insulator to prevent current flow from one winding through the insulator to another winding or core. This often causes permanent damage to the capacitor.
DIELECTRIC CONSTANT: A factor that indicates how much more effective (compared to air) a material is in helping a capacitor store a charge when the insulating material is between the capacitor's plates.
DIELECTRIC STRENGTH: A factor that indicates how well a dielectric resists breakdown under high voltages.
DIRECT CURRENT: Current that flows in only one direction. Its magnitude'may change but its direction does not.
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER: A transformer used to supply relatively small amounts of power to residences. It is used at the end of the electrical utility's delivery system. Often mounted on a pole.
DRY TYPE TRANSFORMER: A transformer designed to operate in air. The design does not require the assistance of a liquid to dissipate excess heat. Natural or fan-assisted circulation through ventilation openings is all that is required to meet temperature classification requirements.
EARTH GROUND: A point that is at the potential of the earth or something that is in direct electrical connection with the earth such as a water pipe.
EDDY CURRENT: Induced voltage in the core as a result of transformer operation. The currents move through the core in circular paths.
EDDY CURRENT LOSS : The energy wasted by eddy currents creating heat in the core, as this does not aid in the induction process.
EFFICIENCY: A rating of the percentage of input power transmitted through the transformer. This number will never be 100% in the real world due to copper losses, eddy-current losses and other inefficiencies.
EFFICIENCY (OF A TRANSFORMER): The ratio of the power in a secondary circuit divided by the power in the primary circuit.
EFFECTIVE PERMEABILITY ue: ue For a magnetic circuit constructed with an air gap or air gaps, the permeability of a hypothetical homogeneous material that would provide the same reluctance.
ELECTRICITY: The flow of electrons through materials and devices.
ELECTROLYTE: A chemical (liquid or paste) that reacts with metals in a cell to produce electricity.
ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD (MAGNETIC FIELD): A field of force produced around a conductor whenever there is current flowing through it. This field can be visualized with magnetic lines of force called magnetic flux.
ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE (EMF): A force that makes a current flow in a circuit measured by the amount of work done on a quantity of electricity passing from one point of electrical potential to a higher or lower point of electrical potential. The unit of measure is the volt (V).
ELECTRON: Negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus of an atom that determine chemical and electrical properties of the atom.
ELECTROSTATIC FORCE: A force that exists between any two charged objects. If the two objects each have the same type of charge, the force is a repulsion. If the two objects each have different types of charge, the force is attraction. Unlike charges attract; like charges repel.
ENERGY: The ability to do work. The unit commonly used to measure energy is the joule which is equal to the energy supplied by a 1 watt power source in 1 second.
ENCAPSULATED TRANSFORMER: A specialty dry type transformer, sealed in an enclosure. It is capable of moving excessive heat away from the core and coils without ventilation openings.
EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE: The value of one single resistor that can be used to replace a more complex connection of several resistors.
FARAD: The unit of capacitance. A capacitor has 1 farad of capacitance when it can store 1 coulomb of charge with a 1 volt potential difference placed across it.
FIELD STRENGTH: The parameter characterizing the amplitude of alternating field strength. The unit of measure is the oersted H.
FLUX DENSITY: The corresponding parameter for the induced magnetic fields in an area perpendicular to the flux path. The unit of measure is the gauss B.
FULL CAPACITY ABOVE NORMAL TAP: A special voltage tap used to account for voltage fluctuations on the input side. Allows for fine-tuning of the output voltage when the input voltage is higher than expected.
FULL CAPACITY BELOW NORMAL TAP:A special voltage tap used to account for voltage fluctuations on the input side. Allows for fine-tuning of the output voltage when the input voltage is lower than expected.
GALVANOMETER: An ammeter with a center scale value of zero amperes.
GIGA: The metric prefix meaning one billion or 109. Abbreviated as G.
GROUND: A voltage reference point in a circuit that may be connected to earth ground.
HALF-POWER POINTS: The upper and lower points of a frequency response curve at which the real power dissipation in the circuit is exactly one-half of what it is at the mid-band frequencies. For resonant circuits the mid-band frequency is the resonant frequency.
HENRY: The unit of measure for inductance. A 1 henry coil produces 1 volt when the current through it is changing at a rate of 1 ampere per second. Abbreviated as H.
IMPEDANCE: The opposition to the flow of alternating electrical current. The impeding of the current. It is measured in ohms and has the symbol Z.
IMPEDANCE IN A FERRITE: The impedance of a ferrite may be expressed in terms of its complex permeability: Z = jLs + Rs = jLo(us' - jus"). The unit of measure is the ohm.
INCREMENTAL PERMEABILITY: Under stated conditions the permeability obtained from the ratio of the flux density and the applied field strength of an alternating field and a super-imposed static field. The symbol is u  .
INDUCTANCE: The ability of a coil to store energy and oppose changes in current flowing through it. A function of cross sectional area, number of turns on the coil, and core material.
INDUCTANCE FACTOR: Inductance of a coil on a specified core divided by the square of the number oftums. Unless otherwise stated, the inductance test conditions for inductance factor are at a flux density <10 gauss. The symbol is AL and the unit of measure is in nH.
INDUCTOR: A number of turns of wire wrapped around a core used to provide inductance in a circuit. Also called a coil.
INITIAL PERMEABILITY: The permeability obtained from the ratio of the flux density (kept at <10 gauss), and the required applied field strength. Material is initially in a specified neutralized state. The symbol is ui.
IN PHASE: Two or more waveforms in which there is a zero degree phase difference between them.
INPUT: The voltage source coming into the transformer through the primary winding.
INSTANTANEOUS VALUE: The value of voltage or current at a specific instant in the cycle ofan ac signal. .
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER : A small transformer which transforms at an accurate ratio to allow an attached instrument to gauge the current or voltage without actually running full power through the instrument.
INSULATION SYSTEM TEMPERATURE CLASSIFICATION: A statement of the maximum temperature permitted in the hottest spot in the winding, at a specified ambient temperature. Exceeding this figure will likely result in an insulation failure.
INSULATOR: A material with very few free electrons. A non-conductor.
ISOLATION TRANSFORMER: A transformer with a 1:1 turns ratio. It does not step voltage up or down. It serves as a safety device, isolating the grounded conductor of a power line from a chassis or any portion of a circuit load.
JUNCTION: A connection point common to more than two components in a circuit. Also called a node. See common point.
KILO: A metric prefix meaning 1000 or 103. Abbreviated k.
KIRCHHOFF'S CURRENT LAW: One of many tools of circuit analysis which states that the sum of the currents arriving at any point in a circuit must equal the sum of the currents leaving that point.
KIRCHHOFF'S VOLTAGE LAW: Another tool of circuit analysis which states that the algebraic sum of all the voltages encountered in any loop equals zero.
LAGGING WAVEFORM: A waveform whose cycle begins after another waveform cycle.
LEADING WAVEFORM: A waveform whose cycle begins before another waveform cycle.
LEAKAGE CURRENT: The small electron flow discharge between windings of a transformer due to the fact that an insulator is not a perfect non-conductor.
LEAKAGE RESISTANCE: The normally high resistance of an insulator such as a dielectric between the windings of a transformer.
LIQUID-FILLED TRANSFORMER: A type of transformer cooled by mounting in a sealed tank filled with liquid. The liquid is normally oil, but silicone and other liquids may also be used.
LOAD: A device such as a resistor that receives electrical energy from a source and that draws current and/or provides opposition to current, requires voltage, or dissipates power.
LOOP: A closed path for current flow in a circuit.
LOOP EQUATION: The algebraic sum of all the voltages in a loop set equal to zero.
LOSS FACTOR: The phase displacement between the fundamental components of the flux density and the field strength divided by the initial permeability. Its symbol is  /ui.
LOWER CUTOFF FREQUENCY: The end frequency point defining the lower end of the bandwidth. For resonant circuits, the frequency below the resonant frequency at which the effect of resonance is outside of specified limits.
MAGNETIC CONSTANT: The permeability of free space. Its symbol is uo.
MAGNETIC COUPLING: The method by which one circuit is linked to another circuit by a common magnetic field.
MAGNETIC FLUX: Magnetic lines of force in a material.
MAGNETIC HYSTERESIS: In a magnetic material, the irreversible variation of the flux density or magnetization which is associated with the change of magnetic field strength and is independent of the rate of change.
MAGNETICALLY SOFT MATERIAL: A magnetic material with a low coercivity.
MEGA: A metric prefix meaning one million or 106. Abbreviates as M.
MICRO: A metric prefix meaning one millionth or 10-6. Abbreviated with the Greek letter mu (u).
MILLI: A metric prefix meaning one thousandth or 10-3. Abbreviated by m.
MUTUAL INDUCTANCE: A measure of the voltage induced in a coil due to the changing current flow in another coil close by. The unit of measure is the henry (H).
NANO: A metric prefix meaning one billionth or 10-9. Abbreviated by n.
NEGATIVE ION: An atom that has gained one or more electrons.
NEMA: Abbreviation for National Electrical Manufacturers Association. An organization of manufacturers of electrical products.
NODE: ajunction in a circuit. A connection common to two or more components in a circuit.
NODE CURRENT EQUATION: A mathematical expression of Kirchhoff's current law at a junction or node.
NODE VOLTAGE: The voltage at a node with respect to some reference point in the circuit.
OHM: The unit of resistance. Its symbol is .
OHMMETER: An instrument used to measure resistance.
OHM'S LAW: A basic tool of circuit analysis which states that, in simple materials, the amount of current through the material varies directly with the applied voltage and varies inversely with the resistance of the material. This give rise to three common equations for use in circuit analysis: E = IR, R = E/l, and I = E/R.
OPEN CIRCUIT: A circuit interruption that causes as incomplete path for current flow.
OUT OF PHASE: Two or more waveforms in which there is a finite number of degrees of phase difference between the waveforms.
OUTPUT: The transformed voltage exiting the transformer through the secondary winding, and going out to the load.
PARALLEL CIRCUIT: A circuit that has two ore more paths (or branches) for current flow.
PARALLEL-SERIES CIRCUIT: A circuit with several branches wired in parallel. Each branch contains one or more components connected in series, but no single component carries the total circuit current.
PEAK AMPLITUDE: The maximum positive or negative deviation of an electrical signal from a zero reference level.
PEAK TO PEAK AMPLITUDE: The value between an ac signal's maximum positive and negative peaks.
PERMEABILITY OF CORE MATERIAL: The ability of a material to conduct magnetic lines of force or magnetic flux.
PHASE: The term used to describe the relative position of ac waveforms in time reference to each other.
PHASE ANGLE: The angular difference in electrical degrees between the total applied voltage and total current being drawn from the voltage supply in an ac circuit.
PHASOR: A phase vector.
PICO: A metric prefix meaning one million millionth or 10-12. Abbreviated by p.
POLAR COORDINATES: A means of identifying an ac quantity as a a vector with a given magnitude (length) and a given direction (phase angle) in a quadrant coordinate system.
POLARITY OF A VOLTAGE: A means of describing a voltage with respect to some reference point, either positive or negative.
POSITIVE ION: An atom that has lost one or more electrons.
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE: A measure of force produced between charged objects that moves free electrons. Also called voltage or electromotive force. Its symbol is E and the unit of measure is the volt, abbreviated V.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER: A type of instrument transformer used to measure voltage.
POWER: The rate at which work is done or the rate at which heat is generated. Its symbol is P and its unit of measure is the watt, abbreviated W. One watt is equal to one joule of energy per second.
POWER (REAL): The power dissipated in a purely resistive component.
POWER (REACTIVE): The product of the voltage across and current through purely reactive circuit components. Its unit of measurement is volt-amperes-reactive (VAR).
POWER (APPARENT): A combination of real and reactive power added vectorially, calculated using total current and total voltage values. Its unit of measurement is the volt-ampere (VA).
POWER DISSIPATED: Power that escapes from components in the form of heat by the convection of air moving around the component.
POWER LOSS DENSITY: The power absorbed by a body of ferromagnetic material and dissipated as heat, when the body is subjected to an alternating field which results in a measurable temperature rise. The total power loss js divided by the volume of the body. Its unit of measure is milliwatts per cubic centimeter. (mW/cm3).
POWER RATING OF A COMPONENT: How much power a component can dissipate (give off) safely (without damage to the component) in the form of heat in watts.
POWER SUPPLY: A device that is usually plugged into a wall outlet and can replace a battery in many applications by providing a know potential difference between two convenient terminals.
POWER TRANSFORMER: A transformer used primarily to couple electrical energy from a power supply line to a circuit system.
PRIMARY SIDE: The side of the transformer where the power to be changed comes from.
PRIMARY WINDING: Turns of wire on the core, used to connect the input to the core.
PULSE PERMEABILITY: Under stated conditions, the permeability obtained from the ratio of the change in flux density and the change in applied field strength of pulse field. up = B / H.
QUALITY FACTOR (Q): The ratio of the reactive power in an inductance to the real power dissipated by its internal resistance. It is a measure of the ability of a coil to store energy in its magnetic field and what part of that energy is returned back to the circuit containing the inductance.
RECIPROCAL: The mathematical "inverse". The reciprocal of any number is simply that number divided into the number one.
RECTANGULAR COORDINATES: A means of identifying an ac quantity with two numbers that defme the location of a specific point on a rectangular X - Y coordinate system.
RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER: A type of power transformer used with solid state circuits.
REFERENCE POINT: An arbitrary chosen point in a circuit to which all other points are compared, usually when measuring voltage. Also called reference node.
RELAY: A switch (or combination of switches) activated by an electromagnetic coil.
REMANENCE: The flux density remaining in a magnetic material when the applied magnetic field strength is reduced to zero. Its symbol is Br and its unit of measurement is the gauss.
REPETITIOUS WAVEFORM: A waveform in which each following cycle is identical to the previous cycle.
RESISTANCE: Opposition to current flow that is a lot like friction because it opposes electron motion and generates heat. Its symbol is R and its unit of measurement is the ohm .
RESONANT FREQUENCY: A frequency at which a circuit's inductive reactance and capacitive reactance are the same value. At this frequency the circuit is said to be at resonance.
RESULTANT: A vector that represents the sum of two vectors.
ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE: The root of the mean of squared values. Mean is an average of the sum of the squares of instantaneous values ofa voltage or current waveform. Root is the square root of the mean. It is abbreviated rms and is sometimes referred to as an effective value.
ROOT-MEAN-SQUARE (RMS) VALUE: An ac voltage value equivalent to the value ofa dc voltage that causes an equal amount of power dissipation due to the circuit current flowing through a resistance. The rms value ofa sinusoidal waveform is 70.7 percent or 0.707 of its peak amplitude value. RMS value is also referred to as effective value. It is the effective value of an ac voltage that produces the same amount of resistor power dissipation in heat as a specific dc voltage.
SATURATION FLUX DENSITY: The maximum intrinsic induction possible in a material. Its symbol is Bs and its unit of measure is the gauss.
SECONDARY SIDE: The side of the transformer where the power is sent to the equipment it needs to power. Depending upon the requirement of the load, the voltage was either increased or decreased from the primary voltage.
SECONDARY WINDING: Turns of wire on the core, used to connect the output to the core.
SERIES CIRCUIT: A circuit with only one path through which current can flow.
SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUIT: A group of series and parallel components in which at least one circuit element lies in series in the path of the total current.
SHELL TYPE: A type of core where the core surrounds the windings.
SHORT CIRCUIT: A path with little or no resistance connected across the terminals of a circuit element.
SHUNT: Another term that means parallel. Often also refers to the low value of parallel resistance used in an ammeter for determining or changing the "range" of the meter.
SIGN OF A VOLTAGE: A notation, either positive (+) or negative (-), in front of a voltage. (Important in solving circuit equations when analyzing circuit and helps determine the voltage that aids or opposes current flow in a circuit, especially a dc circuit.)
SINUSOIDAL WAVEFORM: A waveform that can be expressed mathematically by using the sine function. A waveform produced by an alternating current generator that constantly varies in magnitude and direction as determined by the sine trigonometric function.
SKIN EFFECT: The tendency of high frequency current to flow near the surface of a conductor.
SOLENOID: A term used to mean a coil or inductor, also used to mean a type of relay such as that used to switch the starter current in an automobile.
SOURCE: A device, such as a battery or power supply, that supplies the potential difference and electrical energy to a circuit.
STEP-UP TRANSFORMER: A transformer in which the output voltage is higher than the input voltage. The secondary winding has more turns of wire than the primary winding.
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER: A transformer in which the output voltage is lower than the input voltage. The secondary winding has fewer turns of wire than the primary winding.
SWITCH: A device that is used to open or close circuits, thereby stopping or allowing current flow in a circuit or through a component.
TANK CIRCUIT: A parallel combination of an inductor and a capacitor.
TERMINAL: A connection point on a device or component.
TEMPERATURE COEFFICIENT: The relative change of the quantity considered, divided by the difference in temperatures producing it. Its symbol is T.C.
TEMPERATURE FACTOR: The fractional change in initial permeability over a temperature range, divided by the initial permeability. Its symbol is T.F
THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER: A transformer used to transform power provided by a three-phase power system.
TIME CONSTANT: The time it takes in seconds for a capacitor to charge up to approximately 63 percent of the applied voltage or the time it takes for a fully charged capacitor to discharge form 100 percent down to approximately 37 percent of full charge. Equal to the product of R (in ohms) time C (in farads) in a resistive-capacitive circuit. Also a measure of the current rise and fall in inductive circuits. Equal to the quotient ofL/R in resistive-inductive circuits, L in henries, R in ohms. Its symbol is .
TOTAL CURRENT: The total current supplied by a voltage source applied to a circuit.
TRANSFORMER: A device that transfers electrical energy from one electric circuit to another, without changing the frequency, by the principles of electromagnetic induction. The energy transfer usually takes place with a change of voltage or current.
TRANSFORMER BANK: An arrangement of three single-phase transformers, configured to transform three-phase power.
TURNS: The number of times the wire of a winding actually goes around the core.
TURNS RATIO: A comparison of the number of turns in the primary versus the number of turns in the secondary. Directly related to the voltage ratio.
UPPER CUTOFF FREQUENCY: The end frequency point defining the upper end of the bandwidth. For resonant circuits, the frequency above which the resonant frequency at which the effect of resonance is considered to be outside of specified limits.
VECTOR: A line whose length represents a magnitude and whose direction represents its phase with respect to some reference.
VECTOR ADDITION: The sum of two or more vectors.
VOLT: The unit of measure for voltage or potential difference. Its symbol is V.
VOLTAGE: A measure of the push or potential difference which makes each electron move. Its symbol is E and its unit of measure is the Volt (V).
VOLTAGE DIVIDER: A type of circuitry that provides an economical way to obtain one or several lower voltages from a single higher voltage supply.
VOLTAGE DROP: Change in voltage developed between points in a circuit produced by current flow through circuit components that provide opposition to current flow. Also called IR, IX or IZ drop. The unit of measure is the volt (V).
VOLTAGE RATIO: A comparison of the voltage entering the primary versus the voltage exiting the secondary. Directly related to the turns ratio.
VOLTAGE TAP: An additional connection to a winding, which permits use of only a specific part of the winding. This allows the same winding to handle multiple voltage levels.
VOLTMETER: An instrument used to measure voltage between two points in a circuit.
VOLUME RESISTIVITY: The resistance measured by means of direct voltage of a body of ferromagnetic material having a constant cross sectional area. Its symbol is p and its unit of measure is ohm-cm.
WATT: The unit of power. Abbreviated as W. Equal to one joule per second.
WATTMETER: An instrument used to measure wattage.
WAVEFORM AMPLITUDE: The height o fa measured electrical signal (e.g. sine wave) of voltage, current, or impedance on a scale representing the magnitude of the signal, the single value.
WAVEFORM CYCLE: A waveform that begins at any electrical degree point and progresses through a 360 degree change.
WAVEFORM FREQUENCY: The number of waveform cycles occurring within one second of time.
WAVEFORM PERIOD: The time required to complete one cycle of the waveform. Also referred to as waveform time.
WINDING: Turns of wire around the core of the transformer. Connects the core to either the input, in the case of the primary winding, or the output, in the case of the secondary winding.
WORKING VOLTAGE: The recommended maximum voltage at which a capacitor should safely be operated.
WYE: A three-phase transformer connection where the phases are connected in a manner which resembles the letter “Y.” Often called a “star connection.”
Portions of this glossary are from the book "BASIC AC CIRCUITS", by Stanley R. Fulton and John Clayton Rawlins, copyright (c) 1990. Published by SAMS Publishing, a division of Prentice Hall Computer Publishing. Used by permission of the publisher.
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